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Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series I

Fathers

Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series I

NPNF1 Volume 5: St. Augustine: Anti-Pelagian Writings

Schaff, Series I

Edited by Philip Schaff

Augustine and Chrysostom in nineteenth-century English.

Public domain. Not a modern critical translation.

Introduction

  1. Contents
  2. Introduction

Contents

  1. Title Page
  2. Credits
  3. Preface to the American Edition
  4. Introductory Essay on Augustin and the Pelagian Controversy
    1. A Select Bibliography of the Pelagian Controversy
    2. Introductory Essay on Augustin and the Pelagian Controversy
      1. The Origin and Nature of Pelagianism
      2. The External History of the Pelagian Controversy
      3. Augustin’s Part in the Controversy
      4. The Theology of Grace
  5. Dedication of Volume I. Of the Edinburgh Edition
  6. Dedication of Volume II. Of the Edinburgh Edition
  7. Preface to Volume I. Of the Edinburgh Edition
  8. Preface to Volume II. Of the Edinburgh Edition
  9. A Treatise on the Merits and Forgiveness of Sins, and on the Baptism of Infants
    1. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations
    2. Book I
      1. Introductory, in the Shape of an Inscription to His Friend Marcellinus
      2. If Adam Had Not Sinned, He Would Never Have Died
      3. It is One Thing to Be Mortal, Another Thing to Be Subject to Death
      4. Even Bodily Death is from Sin
      5. The Words, Mortale (Capable of Dying), Mortuum (Dead), and Moriturus (Destined to Die)
      6. How It is that the Body Dead Because of Sin
      7. The Life of the Body the Object of Hope, the Life of the Spirit Being a Prelude to It
      8. Bodily Death from Adam’s Sin
      9. Sin Passes on to All Men by Natural Descent, and Not Merely by Imitation
      10. The Analogy of Grace
      11. Distinction Between Actual and Original Sin
      12. The Law Could Not Take Away Sin
      13. Meaning of the Apostle’s Phrase 'The Reign of Death.'
      14. Superabundance of Grace
      15. The One Sin Common to All Men
      16. How Death is by One and Life by One
      17. Whom Sinners Imitate
      18. Only Christ Justifies
      19. Sin is from Natural Descent, as Righteousness is from Regeneration; How ‘All’ Are Sinners Through Adam, and ‘All’ Are Just Through Christ
      20. Original Sin Alone is Contracted by Natural Birth
      21. Unbaptized Infants Damned, But Most Lightly; The Penalty of Adam’s Sin, the Grace of His Body Lost
      22. To Infants Personal Sin is Not to Be Attributed
      23. He Refutes Those Who Allege that Infants are Baptized Not for the Remission of Sins, But for the Obtaining of the Kingdom of Heaven
      24. Infants Saved as Sinners
      25. Infants are Described as Believers and as Penitents. Sins Alone Separate Between God and Men
      26. No One, Except He Be Baptized, Rightly Comes to the Table of the Lord
      27. Infants Must Feed on Christ
      28. Baptized Infants, of the Faithful; Unbaptized, of the Lost
      29. It is an Inscrutable Mystery Why Some are Saved, and Others Not
      30. Why One is Baptized and Another Not, Not Otherwise Inscrutable
      31. He Refutes Those Who Suppose that Souls, on Account of Sins Committed in Another State, are Thrust into Bodies Suited to Their Merits, in Which They are More or Less Tormented
      32. The Case of Certain Idiots and Simpletons
      33. Christ is the Saviour and Redeemer Even of Infants
      34. Baptism is Called Salvation, and the Eucharist, Life, by the Christians of Carthage
      35. Unless Infants are Baptized, They Remain in Darkness
      36. Infants Not Enlightened as Soon as They are Born
      37. How God Enlightens Every Person
      38. What ‘Lighteth’ Means
      39. The Conclusion Drawn, that All are Involved in Original Sin
      40. A Collection of Scripture Testimonies. From the Gospels
      41. From the First Epistle of Peter
      42. From the First Epistle of John
      43. From the Epistle to the Romans
      44. From the Epistles to the Corinthians
      45. From the Epistle to the Galatians
      46. From the Epistle to the Ephesians
      47. From the Epistle to the Colossians
      48. From the Epistles to Timothy
      49. From the Epistle to Titus
      50. From the Epistle to the Hebrews
      51. From the Apocalypse
      52. From the Acts of the Apostles
      53. The Utility of the Books of the Old Testament
      54. By the Sacrifices of the Old Testament, Men Were Convinced of Sins and Led to the Saviour
      55. He Concludes that All Men Need the Death of Christ, that They May Be Saved. Unbaptized Infants Will Be Involved in the Condemnation of the Devil. How All Men Through Adam are Unto Condemnation; And Through Christ Unto Justification. No One is Reconciled with God, Except Through Christ
      56. No One is Reconciled to God Except Through Christ
      57. The Good of Marriage; Four Different Cases of the Good and the Evil Use of Matrimony
      58. In What Respect the Pelagians Regarded Baptism as Necessary for Infants
      59. The Context of Their Chief Text
      60. Christ, the Head and the Body; Owing to the Union of the Natures in the Person of Christ, He Both Remained in Heaven, and Walked About on Earth; How the One Christ Could Ascend to Heaven; The Head, and the Body, the One Christ
      61. The Serpent Lifted Up in the Wilderness Prefigured Christ Suspended on the Cross; Even Infants Themselves Poisoned by the Serpent’s Bite
      62. No One Can Be Reconciled to God, Except by Christ
      63. The Form, or Rite, of Baptism. Exorcism
      64. A Twofold Mistake Respecting Infants
      65. In Infants There is No Sin of Their Own Commission
      66. Infants’ Faults Spring from Their Sheer Ignorance
      67. On the Ignorance of Infants, and Whence It Arises
      68. If Adam Was Not Created of Such a Character as that in Which We are Born, How is It that Christ, Although Free from Sin, Was Born an Infant and in Weakness?
      69. The Ignorance and the Infirmity of an Infant
      70. How Far Sin is Done Away in Infants by Baptism, Also in Adults, and What Advantage Results Therefrom
    3. Book II
      1. What Has Thus Far Been Dwelt On; And What is to Be Treated in This Book
      2. Some Persons Attribute Too Much to the Freedom of Man’s Will; Ignorance and Infirmity
      3. In What Way God Commands Nothing Impossible. Works of Mercy, Means of Wiping Out Sins
      4. Concupiscence, How Far in Us; The Baptized are Not Injured by Concupiscence, But Only by Consent Therewith
      5. The Will of Man Requires the Help of God
      6. Wherein the Pharisee Sinned When He Thanked God; To God’s Grace Must Be Added the Exertion of Our Own Will
      7. Four Questions on the Perfection of Righteousness: (1.) Whether a Man Can Be Without Sin in This Life
      8. (2) Whether There is in This World a Man Without Sin
      9. The Beginning of Renewal; Resurrection Called Regeneration; They are the Sons of God Who Lead Lives Suitable to Newness of Life
      10. Perfection, When to Be Realized
      11. An Objection of the Pelagians: Why Does Not a Righteous Man Beget a Righteous Man?
      12. He Reconciles Some Passages of Scripture
      13. A Subterfuge of the Pelagians
      14. Job Was Not Without Sin
      15. Carnal Generation Condemned on Account of Original Sin
      16. Job Foresaw that Christ Would Come to Suffer; The Way of Humility in Those that are Perfect
      17. No One Righteous in All Things
      18. Perfect Human Righteousness is Imperfect
      19. Zacharias and Elisabeth, Sinners
      20. Paul Worthy to Be the Prince of the Apostles, and Yet a Sinner
      21. All Righteous Men Sinners
      22. An Objection of the Pelagians; Perfection is Relative; He is Rightly Said to Be Perfect in Righteousness Who Has Made Much Progress Therein
      23. Why God Prescribes What He Knows Cannot Be Observed
      24. An Objection of the Pelagians. The Apostle Paul Was Not Free From Sin So Long as He Lived
      25. God Punishes Both in Wrath and in Mercy
      26. (3)Why No One in This Life is Without Sin
      27. The Divine Remedy for Pride
      28. A Good Will Comes from God
      29. A Subterfuge of the Pelagians
      30. All Will is Either Good, and Then It Loves Righteousness, or Evil, When It Does Not Love Righteousness
      31. Grace is Given to Some Men in Mercy; Is Withheld from Others in Justice and Truth
      32. God’s Sovereignity in His Grace
      33. Through Grace We Have Both the Knowledge of Good, and the Delight Which It Affords
      34. (4) That No Man, with the Exception of Christ, Has Ever Lived, or Can Live Without Sin
      35. Adam and Eve; Obedience Most Strongly Enjoined by God on Man
      36. Man’s State Before the Fall
      37. The Corruption of Nature is by Sin, Its Renovation is by Christ
      38. What Benefit Has Been Conferred on Us by the Incarnation of the Word; Christ’s Birth in the Flesh, Wherein It is Like and Wherein Unlike Our Own Birth
      39. An Objection of Pelagians
      40. An Argument Anticipated
      41. Children of Believers are Called ‘Clean’ By the Apostle
      42. Sanctification Manifold; Sacrament of Catechumens
      43. Why the Children of the Baptized Should Be Baptized
      44. An Objection of the Pelagians
      45. The Law of Sin is Called Sin; How Concupiscence Still Remains After Its Evil Has Been Removed in the Baptized
      46. Guilt May Be Taken Away But Concupiscence Remain
      47. All the Predestinated are Saved Through the One Mediator Christ, and by One and the Same Faith
      48. Christ the Saviour Even of Infants; Christ, When an Infant, Was Free from Ignorance and Mental Weakness
      49. An Objection of the Pelagians
      50. Why It is that Death Itself is Not Abolished, Along with Sin, by Baptism
      51. Why the Devil is Said to Hold the Power and Dominion of Death
      52. Why Christ, After His Resurrection, Withdrew His Presence from the World
      53. An Objection of the Pelagians
      54. Why Punishment is Still Inflicted, After Sin Has Been Forgiven
      55. To Recover the Righteousness Which Had Been Lost by Sin, Man Has to Struggle, with Abundant Labour and Sorrow
      56. The Case of David, in Illustration
      57. Turn to Neither Hand
      58. 'Likeness of Sinful Flesh' Implies the Reality
      59. Whether the Soul is Propagated; On Obscure Points, Concerning Which the Scriptures Give Us No Assistance, We Must Be on Our Guard Against Forming Hasty Judgments and Opinions; The Scriptures are Clear Enough on Those Subjects Which are Necessary to Salvation
    4. Book III
      1. Pelagius Esteemed a Holy Man; His Expositions on Saint Paul
      2. Pelagius’ Objection; Infants Reckoned Among the Number of Believers and the Faithful
      3. Pelagius Makes God Unjust
      4. Chapter 4
      5. Pelagius Praised by Some; Arguments Against Original Sin Proposed by Pelagius in His Commentary
      6. Why Pelagius Does Not Speak in His Own Person
      7. Proof of Original Sin in Infants
      8. Jesus is the Saviour Even of Infants
      9. The Ambiguity of 'Adam is the Figure of Him to Come.'
      10. He Shows that Cyprian Had Not Doubted the Original Sin of Infants
      11. The Ancients Assumed Original Sin
      12. The Universal Consensus Respecting Original Sin
      13. The Error of Jovinianus Did Not Extend So Far
      14. The Opinions of All Controversialists Whatever are Not, However, Canonical Authority; Original Sin, How Another’s; We Were All One Man in Adam
      15. We All Sinned Adam’s Sin
      16. Origin of Errors; A Simile Sought from the Foreskin of the Circumcised, and from the Chaff of Wheat
      17. Christians Do Not Always Beget Christian, Nor the Pure, Pure Children
      18. Is the Soul Derived by Natural Propagation?
      19. Sin and Death in Adam, Righteousness and Life in Christ
      20. The Sting of Death, What?
      21. The Precept About Touching the Menstruous Woman Not to Be Figuratively Understood; The Necessity of the Sacraments
      22. We Ought to Be Anxious to Secure the Baptism of Infants
      23. Epilogue
  10. A Treatise on the Spirit and the Letter
    1. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations
    2. Argument
    3. The Occasion of Writing This Work; A Thing May Be Capable of Being Done, and Yet May Never Be Done
    4. The Examples Apposite
    5. Theirs is Comparatively a Harmless Error, Who Say that a Man Lives Here Without Sin
    6. Theirs is a Much More Serious Error, Requiring a Very Vigorous Refutation, Who Deny God’s Grace to Be Necessary
    7. True Grace is the Gift of the Holy Ghost, Which Kindles in the Soul the Joy and Love of Goodness
    8. The Teaching of Law Without the Life-Giving Spirit is 'The Letter that Killeth.'
    9. What is Proposed to Be Here Treated
    10. Romans Interprets Corinthians
    11. Through the Law Sin Has Abounded
    12. Christ the True Healer
    13. From What Fountain Good Works Flow
    14. Paul, Whence So Called; Bravely Contends for Grace
    15. Keeping the Law; The Jews’ Glorying; The Fear of Punishment; The Circumcision of the Heart
    16. In What Respect the Pelagians Acknowledge God as the Author of Our Justification
    17. The Righteousness of God Manifested by the Law and the Prophets
    18. How the Law Was Not Made for a Righteous Man
    19. The Exclusion of Boasting
    20. Piety is Wisdom; That is Called the Righteousness of God, Which He Produces
    21. The Knowledge of God Through the Creation
    22. The Law Without Grace
    23. The Law of Works and the Law of Faith
    24. No Man Justified by Works
    25. How the Decalogue Kills, If Grace Be Not Present
    26. The Passage in Corinthians
    27. The Passage in Romans
    28. No Fruit Good Except It Grow from the Root of Love
    29. Grace, Concealed in the Old Testament, is Revealed in the New
    30. Why the Holy Ghost is Called the Finger of God
    31. A Comparison of the Law of Moses and of the New Law
    32. The New Law Written Within
    33. The Old Law Ministers Death; The New, Righteousness
    34. The Christian Faith Touching the Assistance of Grace
    35. The Prophecy of Jeremiah Concerning the New Testament
    36. The Law; Grace
    37. The Old Law; The New Law
    38. The Law Written in Our Hearts
    39. The Eternal Reward
    40. The Re-Formation Which is Now Being Effected, Compared with the Perfection of the Life to Come
    41. The Eternal Reward Which is Specially Declared in the New Testament, Foretold by the Prophet
    42. How that is to Be the Reward of All; The Apostle Earnestly Defends Grace
    43. The Law Written in the Heart, and the Reward of the Eternal Contemplation of God, Belong to the New Covenant; Who Among the Saints are the Least and the Greatest
    44. Difference Between the Old and the New Testaments
    45. A Question Touching the Passage in the Apostle About the Gentiles Who are Said to Do by Nature the Law’s Commands, Which They are Also Said to Have Written on Their Hearts
    46. The Answer Is, that the Passage Must Be Understood of the Faithful of the New Covenant
    47. It is Not by Their Works, But by Grace, that the Doers of the Law are Justified; God’s Saints and God’s Name Hallowed in Different Senses
    48. How the Passage of the Law Agrees with that of the Prophet
    49. The Law ‘Being Done by Nature’ Means, Done by Nature as Restored by Grace
    50. The Image of God is Not Wholly Blotted Out in These Unbelievers; Venial Sins
    51. The Grace Promised by the Prophet for the New Covenant
    52. Righteousness is the Gift of God
    53. Faith the Ground of All Righteousness
    54. Grace Establishes Free Will
    55. Volition and Ability
    56. Whether Faith Be in a Man’s Own Power
    57. What Faith is Laudable
    58. The Faith of Those Who are Under the Law Different from the Faith of Others
    59. Whence Comes the Will to Believe?
    60. The Free Will of Man is an Intermediate Power
    61. Mercy and Pity in the Judgment of God
    62. The Will to Believe is from God
    63. Conclusion of the Work
    64. He Returns to the Question Which Marcellinus Had Proposed to Him
    65. An Objection
    66. When the Commandment to Love is Fulfilled
    67. In What Sense a Sinless Righteousness in This Life Can Be Asserted
    68. Although Perfect Righteousness Be Not Found Here on Earth, It is Still Not Impossible
  11. A Treatise on Nature and Grace
    1. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations
    2. Note on the Following Work
    3. Argument
    4. The Occasion of Publishing This Work; What God’s Righteousness is
    5. Faith in Christ Not Necessary to Salvation, If a Man Without It Can Lead a Righteous Life
    6. Nature Was Created Sound and Whole; It Was Afterwards Corrupted by Sin
    7. Free Grace
    8. It Was a Matter of Justice that All Should Be Condemned
    9. The Pelagians Have Very Strong and Active Minds
    10. He Proceeds to Confute the Work of Pelagius; He Refrains as Yet from Mentioning Pelagius’ Name
    11. A Distinction Drawn by Pelagius Between the Possible and Actual
    12. Even They Who Were Not Able to Be Justified are Condemned
    13. He Could Not Be Justified, Who Had Not Heard of the Name of Christ; Rendering the Cross of Christ of None Effect
    14. Grace Subtly Acknowledged by Pelagius
    15. In Our Discussions About Grace, We Do Not Speak of that Which Relates to the Constitution of Our Nature, But to Its Restoration
    16. The Scope and Purpose of the Law’s Threatenings; 'Perfect Wayfarers.'
    17. Refutation of Pelagius
    18. Not Everything [of Doctrinal Truth] is Written in Scripture in So Many Words
    19. Pelagius Corrupts a Passage of the Apostle James by Adding a Note of Interrogation
    20. Explanation of This Text Continued
    21. Who May Be Said to Be in the Flesh
    22. Sins of Ignorance; To Whom Wisdom is Given by God on Their Requesting It
    23. What Prayer Pelagius Would Admit to Be Necessary
    24. Pelagius Denies that Human Nature Has Been Depraved or Corrupted by Sin
    25. How Our Nature Could Be Vitiated by Sin, Even Though It Be Not a Substance
    26. Adam Delivered by the Mercy of Christ
    27. Sin and the Penalty of Sin the Same
    28. God Forsakes Only Those Who Deserve to Be Forsaken. We are Sufficient of Ourselves to Commit Sin; But Not to Return to the Way of Righteousness. Death is the Punishment, Not the Cause of Sin
    29. Christ Died of His Own Power and Choice
    30. Even Evils, Through God’s Mercy, are of Use
    31. The Disposition of Nearly All Who Go Astray. With Some Heretics Our Business Ought Not to Be Disputation, But Prayer
    32. A Simile to Show that God’s Grace is Necessary for Doing Any Good Work Whatever. God Never Forsakes the Justified Man If He Be Not Himself Forsaken
    33. Sin is Removed by Sin
    34. The Order and Process of Healing Our Heavenly Physician Does Not Adopt from the Sick Patient, But Derives from Himself. What Cause the Righteous Have for Fearing
    35. God Forsakes Us to Some Extent that We May Not Grow Proud
    36. Not Every Sin is Pride. How Pride is the Commencement of Every Sin
    37. A Man’s Sin is His Own, But He Needs Grace for His Cure
    38. Why God Does Not Immediately Cure Pride Itself. The Secret and Insidious Growth of Pride. Preventing and Subsequent Grace
    39. Pride Even in Such Things as are Done Aright Must Be Avoided. Free Will is Not Taken Away When Grace is Preached
    40. Being Wholly Without Sin Does Not Put Man on an Equality with God
    41. We Must Not Lie, Even for the Sake of Moderation. The Praise of Humility Must Not Be Placed to the Account of Falsehood
    42. Pelagius Glorifies God as Creator at the Expense of God as Saviour
    43. Why There is a Record in Scripture of Certain Men’s Sins, Recklessness in Sin Accounts It to Be So Much Loss Whenever It Falls Short in Gratifying Lust
    44. Whether Holy Men Have Died Without Sin
    45. The Blessed Virgin Mary May Have Lived Without Sin. None of the Saints Besides Her Without Sin
    46. Why Scripture Has Not Mentioned the Sins of All
    47. Pelagius Argues that Abel Was Sinless
    48. Why Cain Has Been by Some Thought to Have Had Children by His Mother Eve. The Sins of Righteous Men. Who Can Be Both Righteous, and Yet Not Without Sin
    49. Shall We Follow Scripture, or Add to Its Declarations?
    50. For What Pelagius Thought that Christ is Necessary to Us
    51. How the Term ‘All’ Is to Be Understood
    52. A Man Can Be Sinless, But Only by the Help of Grace. In the Saints This Possibility Advances and Keeps Pace with the Realization
    53. God Commands No Impossibilities
    54. State of the Question Between the Pelagians and the Catholics. Holy Men of Old Saved by the Self-Same Faith in Christ Which We Exercise
    55. The Whole Discussion is About Grace
    56. Pelagius Distinguishes Between a Power and Its Use
    57. There is No Incompatibility Between Necessity and Free Will
    58. The Same Continued
    59. The Assistance of Grace in a Perfect Nature
    60. It Does Not Detract from God’s Almighty Power, that He is Incapable of Either Sinning, or Dying, or Destroying Himself
    61. Even Pious and God-Fearing Men Resist Grace
    62. In What Sense Pelagius Attributed to God’s Grace the Capacity of Not Sinning
    63. Pelagius Admits ‘Contrary Flesh’ In the Unbaptized
    64. Paul Asserts that the Flesh is Contrary Even in the Baptized
    65. Concerning What Grace of God is Here Under Discussion. The Ungodly Man, When Dying, is Not Delivered from Concupiscence
    66. Does God Create Contraries?
    67. Pelagius’ Admission as Regards the Unbaptized, Fatal
    68. 'This Body of Death,' So Called from Its Defect, Not from Its Substance
    69. The Works, Not the Substance, of the 'Flesh' Opposed to the 'Spirit.'
    70. Who May Be Said to Be Under the Law
    71. Despite the Devil, Man May, by God’s Help, Be Perfected
    72. Pelagius Puts Nature in the Place of Grace
    73. Whether Any Man is Without Sin in This Life
    74. Augustin Replies Against the Quotations Which Pelagius Had Advanced Out of the Catholic Writers. Lactantius
    75. Hilary. The Pure in Heart Blessed. The Doing and Perfecting of Righteousness
    76. He Meets Pelagius with Another Passage from Hilary
    77. Ambrose
    78. Augustin Adduces in Reply Some Other Passages of Ambrose
    79. John of Constantinople
    80. Xystus
    81. Jerome
    82. A Certain Necessity of Sinning
    83. Augustin Himself. Two Methods Whereby Sins, Like Diseases, are Guarded Against
    84. Augustin Quotes Himself on Free Will
    85. How to Exhort Men to Faith, Repentance, and Advancement
    86. God Enjoins No Impossibility, Because All Things are Possible and Easy to Love
    87. The Degrees of Love are Also Degrees of Holiness
  12. A Treatise Concerning Man’s Perfection in Righteousness
    1. Preface to the Treatise on Man’s Perfection in Righteousness
    2. Argument
    3. Introduction
    4. The First Breviate of Cœlestius
    5. The Second Breviate
    6. The Third Breviate
    7. The Fourth Breviate
    8. The Fifth Breviate
    9. The Sixth Breviate
    10. The Seventh Breviate
    11. The Eighth Breviate
    12. The Ninth Breviate
    13. The Tenth Breviate
    14. The Eleventh Breviate
    15. The Twelfth Breviate
    16. The Thirteenth Breviate
    17. The Fourteenth Breviate
    18. The Fifteenth Breviate
    19. The Sixteenth Breviate
    20. It is One Thing to Depart from the Body, Another Thing to Be Liberated from the Body of This Death
    21. The Righteousness of This Life Comprehended in Three Parts,—Fasting, Almsgiving, and Prayer
    22. The Commandment of Love Shall Be Perfectly Fulfilled in the Life to Come
    23. Who May Be Said to Walk Without Spot; Damnable and Venial Sins
    24. To Whom God’s Commandments are Grievous; And to Whom, Not. Why Scripture Says that God’s Commandments are Not Grievous; A Commandment is a Proof of the Freedom Of Man’s Will; Prayer is a Proof of Grace
    25. Passages to Show that God’s Commandments are Not Grievous
    26. Passages of Scripture Which, When Objected Against Him by the Catholics, Cœlestius Endeavours to Elude by Other Passages: the First Passage
    27. To Be Without Sin, and to Be Without Blame—How Differing
    28. Section 25
    29. Why Job Was So Great a Sufferer
    30. Who May Be Said to Keep the Ways of the Lord; What It is to Decline and Depart from the Ways of the Lord
    31. When Our Heart May Be Said Not to Reproach Us; When Good is to Be Perfected
    32. The Second Passage. Who May Be Said to Abstain from Every Evil Thing
    33. 'Every Man is a Liar,' Owing to Himself Alone; But 'Every Man is True,' By Help Only of the Grace of God
    34. The Third Passage. It is One Thing to Depart, and Another Thing to Have Departed, from All Sin. ‘There is None that Doeth Good,’—Of Whom This is to Be Understood
    35. The Fourth Passage. In What Sense God Only is Good. With God to Be Good and to Be Himself are the Same Thing
    36. The Fifth Passage
    37. The Opposing Passages
    38. The Church Will Be Without Spot and Wrinkle After the Resurrection
    39. The Difference Between the Upright in Heart and the Clean in Heart
    40. The Sixth Passage
    41. The Seventh Passage. Who May Be Called Immaculate. How It is that in God’s Sight No Man is Justified
    42. The Eighth Passage. In What Sense He is Said Not to Sin Who is Born of God. In What Way He Who Sins Shall Not See Nor Know God
    43. The Ninth Passage
    44. Specimens of Pelagian Exegesis
    45. God’s Promises Conditional. Saints of the Old Testament Were Saved by the Grace of Christ
    46. No Man is Assisted Unless He Does Himself Also Work. Our Course is a Constant Progress
    47. Conclusion of the Work. In the Regenerate It is Not Concupiscence, But Consent, Which is Sin
  13. A Work on the Proceedings of Pelagius
    1. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations
    2. Preface to the Book on the Proceedings of Pelagius
    3. Argument
    4. Introduction
    5. The First Item in the Accusation, and Pelagius’ Answer
    6. Discussion of Pelagius’ First Answer
    7. The Same Continued
    8. The Second Item in the Accusation; And Pelagius’ Answer
    9. Pelagius’ Answer Examined
    10. The Same Continued
    11. The Same Continued
    12. The Third Item in the Accusation; And Pelagius’ Answer
    13. Pelagius’ Answer Examined. On Origen’s Error Concerning the Non-Eternity of the Punishment of the Devil and the Damned
    14. The Same Continued
    15. The Fourth Item in the Accusation; And Pelagius’ Answer
    16. The Fifth Item of the Accusation; And Pelagius’ Answer
    17. Examination of This Point. The Phrase ‘Old Testament’ Used in Two Senses. The Heir of the Old Testament. In the Old Testament There Were Heirs of the New Testament
    18. The Same Continued
    19. The Sixth Item of the Accusation, and Pelagius’ Reply
    20. Examination of the Sixth Charge and Answers
    21. The Same Continued
    22. The Same Continued
    23. The Same Continued. Pelagius Acknowledges the Doctrine of Grace in Deceptive Terms
    24. The Same Continued
    25. The Same Continued. The Synod Supposed that the Grace Acknowledged by Pelagius Was that Which Was So Thoroughly Known to the Church
    26. The Seventh Item of the Accusation: the Breviates of Cœlestius Objected to Pelagius
    27. Pelagius’ Answer to the Charges Brought Together Under the Seventh Item
    28. The Pelagians Falsely Pretended that the Eastern Churches Were on Their Side
    29. The Accusations in the Seventh Item, Which Pelagius Confessed
    30. The Eighth Item in the Accusation
    31. Pelagius’ Reply to the Eighth Item of Accusation
    32. The Ninth Item of the Accusation; And Pelagius’ Reply
    33. The Tenth Item in the Accusation. The More Prominent Points of Cœlestius’ Work Continued
    34. Remarks on the Tenth Item
    35. The Eleventh Item of the Accusation
    36. Discussion of the Eleventh Item Continued
    37. The Same Continued. On the Works of Unbelievers; Faith is the Initial Principle from Which Good Works Have Their Beginning; Faith is the Gift of God’s Grace
    38. The Same Continued
    39. The Same Continued. The Monk Pelagius. Grace is Conferred on the Unworthy
    40. The Same Continued. John, Bishop of Jerusalem, and His Examination
    41. The Same Continued
    42. The Same Continued. Heros and Lazarus; Orosius
    43. The Same Continued
    44. Augustin Indulgently Shows that the Judges Acted Incautiously in Their Official Conduct of the Case of Pelagius
    45. The Twelfth Item in the Accusation. Other Heads of Cœlestius’ Doctrine Abjured by Pelagius
    46. The Answer of the Monk Pelagius and His Profession of Faith
    47. The Acquittal of Pelagius
    48. Pelagius’ Acquittal Becomes Suspected
    49. How Pelagius Became Known to Augustin; Cœlestius Condemned at Carthage
    50. Pelagius’ Book, Which Was Sent by Timasius and Jacobus to Augustin, Was Answered by the Latter in His Work 'On Nature and Grace.'
    51. A Letter Written by Timasius and Jacobus to Augustin on Receiving His Treatise 'On Nature and Grace.'
    52. Pelagius’ Behaviour Contrasted with that of the Writers of the Letter
    53. Pelagius Has No Good Reason to Be Annoyed If His Name Be at Last Used in the Controversy, and He Be Expressly Refuted
    54. The Nature of Augustin’s Letter to Pelagius
    55. The Text of the Letter
    56. Pelagius’ Use of Recommendations
    57. On the Letter of Pelagius, in Which He Boasts that His Errors Had Been Approved by Fourteen Bishops
    58. Pelagius’ Letter Discussed
    59. Is Pelagius Sincere?
    60. Fraudulent Practices Pursued by Pelagius in His Report of the Proceedings in Palestine, in the Paper Wherein He Defended Himself to Augustin
    61. The Same Continued
    62. Although Pelagius Was Acquitted, His Heresy Was Condemned
    63. The Synod’s Condemnation of His Doctrines
    64. History of the Pelagian Heresy. The Pelagian Heresy Was Raised by Sundry Persons Who Affected the Monastic State
    65. The History Continued. Cœlestius Condemned at Carthage by Episcopal Judgment. Pelagius Acquitted by Bishops in Palestine, in Consequence of His Deceptive Answers; But Yet His Heresy Was Condemned by Them
    66. The Same Continued. The Dogmas of Cœlestius Laid to the Charge of Pelagius, as His Master, and Condemned
    67. How the Bishops Cleared Pelagius of Those Charges
    68. Recapitulation of What Pelagius Condemned
    69. The Harsh Measures of the Pelagians Against the Holy Monks and Nuns Who Belonged to Jerome’s Charge
  14. A Treatise on the Grace of Christ, and on Original Sin
    1. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations
    2. On the Grace of Christ
      1. Introductory
      2. Suspicious Character of Pelagius’ Confession as to the Necessity of Grace for Every Single Act of Ours
      3. Grace According to the Pelagians
      4. Pelagius’ System of Faculties
      5. Pelagius’ Own Account of the Faculties, Quoted
      6. Pelagius and Paul of Different Opinions
      7. Pelagius Posits God’s Aid Only for Our 'Capacity.'
      8. Grace, According to the Pelagians, Consists in the Internal and Manifold Illumination of the Mind
      9. The Law One Thing, Grace Another. The Utility of the Law
      10. What Purpose the Law Subserves
      11. Pelagius’ Definition of How God Helps Us: 'He Promises Us Future Glory.'
      12. The Same Continued: 'He Reveals Wisdom.'
      13. Grace Causes Us to Do
      14. The Righteousness Which is of God, and the Righteousness Which is of the Law
      15. He Who Has Been Taught by Grace Actually Comes to Christ
      16. We Need Divine Aid in the Use of Our Powers. Illustration from Sight
      17. Does Pelagius Designedly Refrain from Openly Saying that All Good Action is from God?
      18. He Discovers the Reason of Pelagius’ Hesitation So to Say
      19. The Two Roots of Action, Love and Cupidity; And Each Brings Forth Its Own Fruit
      20. How a Man Makes a Good or a Bad Tree
      21. Love the Root of All Good Things; Cupidity, of All Evil Ones
      22. Love is a Good Will
      23. Pelagius’ Double Dealing Concerning the Ground of the Conferrence of Grace
      24. Pelagius Places Free Will at the Basis of All Turning to God for Grace
      25. God by His Wonderful Power Works in Our Hearts Good Dispositions of Our Will
      26. The Pelagian Grace of ‘Capacity’ Exploded. The Scripture Teaches the Need of God’s Help in Doing, Speaking, and Thinking, Alike
      27. What True Grace Is, and Wherefore Given. Merits Do Not Precede Grace
      28. Pelagius Teaches that Satan May Be Resisted Without the Help of the Grace of God
      29. When He Speaks of God’s Help, He Means It Only to Help Us Do What Without It We Still Could Do
      30. What Pelagius Thinks is Needful for Ease of Performance is Really Necessary for the Performance
      31. Pelagius and Cœlestius Nowhere Really Acknowledge Grace
      32. Why the Pelagians Deemed Prayers to Be Necessary. The Letter Which Pelagius Despatched to Pope Innocent with an Exposition of His Belief
      33. Pelagius Professes Nothing on the Subject of Grace Which May Not Be Understood of the Law and Teaching
      34. Pelagius Says that Grace is Given According to Men’s Merits. The Beginning, However, of Merit is Faith; And This is a Gratuitous Gift, Not a Recompense for Our Merits
      35. Pelagius Believes that Infants Have No Sin to Be Remitted in Baptism
      36. Cœlestius Openly Declares Infants to Have No Original Sin
      37. Pelagius Nowhere Admits the Need of Divine Help for Will and Action
      38. A Definition of the Grace of Christ by Pelagius
      39. A Letter of Pelagius Unknown to Augustin
      40. The Help of Grace Placed by Pelagius in the Mere Revelation of Teaching
      41. Restoration of Nature Understood by Pelagius as Forgiveness of Sins
      42. Grace Placed by Pelagius in the Remission of Sins and the Example of Christ
      43. The Forgiveness of Sins and Example of Christ Held by Pelagius Enough to Save the Most Hardened Sinner
      44. Pelagius Once More Guards Himself Against the Necessity of Grace
      45. To What Purpose Pelagius Thought Prayers Ought to Be Offered
      46. Pelagius Professes to Respect the Catholic Authors
      47. Ambrose Most Highly Praised by Pelagius
      48. Ambrose is Not in Agreement with Pelagius
      49. Ambrose Teaches with What Eye Christ Turned and Looked Upon Peter
      50. Ambrose Teaches that All Men Need God’s Help
      51. Ambrose Teaches that It is God that Does for Man What Pelagius Attributes to Free Will
      52. If Pelagius Agrees with Ambrose, Augustin Has No Controversy with Him
      53. In What Sense Some Men May Be Said to Live Without Sin in the Present Life
      54. Ambrose Teaches that No One is Sinless in This World
      55. Ambrose Witnesses that Perfect Purity is Impossible to Human Nature
    3. On Original Sin
      1. Caution Needed in Attending to Pelagius’ Deliverances on Infant Baptism
      2. Cœlestius, on His Trial at Carthage, Refuses to Condemn His Error; The Written Statement Which He Gave to Zosimus
      3. Part of the Proceedings of the Council of Carthage Against Cœlestius
      4. Cœlestius Concedes Baptism for Infants, Without Affirming Original Sin
      5. Cœlestius’ Book Which Was Produced in the Proceedings at Rome
      6. Cœlestius the Disciple is In This Work Bolder Than His Master
      7. Pope Zosimus Kindly Excuses Him
      8. Cœlestius Condemned by Zosimus
      9. Pelagius Deceived the Council in Palestine, But Was Unable to Deceive the Church at Rome
      10. The Judgment of Innocent Respecting the Proceedings in Palestine
      11. How that Pelagius Deceived the Synod of Palestine
      12. A Portion of the Proceedings of the Synod of Palestine in the Cause of Pelagius
      13. Cœlestius the Bolder Heretic; Pelagius the More Subtle
      14. He Shows That, Even After the Synod of Palestine, Pelagius Held the Same Opinions as Cœlestius on the Subject of Original Sin
      15. Pelagius by His Mendacity and Deception Stole His Acquittal from the Synod in Palestine
      16. Pelagius’ Fraudulent and Crafty Excuses
      17. How Pelagius Deceived His Judges
      18. The Condemnation of Pelagius
      19. Pelagius’ Attempt to Deceive the Apostolic See; He Inverts the Bearings of the Controversy
      20. Pelagius Provides a Refuge for His Falsehood in Ambiguous Subterfuges
      21. Pelagius Avoids the Question as to Why Baptism is Necessary for Infants
      22. Another Instance of Pelagius’ Ambiguity
      23. What He Means by Our Birth to an ‘Uncertain’ Life
      24. Pelagius’ Long Residence at Rome
      25. The Condemnation of Pelagius and Cœlestius
      26. The Pelagians Maintain that Raising Questions About Original Sin Does Not Endanger the Faith
      27. On Questions Outside the Faith—What They Are, and Instances of the Same
      28. The Heresy of Pelagius and Cœlestius Aims at the Very Foundations of Our Faith
      29. The Righteous Men Who Lived in the Time of the Law Were for All that Not Under the Law, But Under Grace. The Grace of the New Testament Hidden Under the Old
      30. Pelagius and Cœlestius Deny that the Ancient Saints Were Saved by Christ
      31. Christ’s Incarnation Was of Avail to the Fathers, Even Though It Had Not Yet Happened
      32. He Shows by the Example of Abraham that the Ancient Saints Believed in the Incarnation of Christ
      33. How Christ is Our Mediator
      34. No Man Ever Saved Save by Christ
      35. Why the Circumcision of Infants Was Enjoined Under Pain of So Great a Punishment
      36. The Platonists’ Opinion About the Existence of the Soul Previous to the Body Rejected
      37. In What Sense Christ is Called 'Sin.'
      38. Original Sin Does Not Render Marriage Evil
      39. Three Things Good and Laudable in Matrimony
      40. Marriage Existed Before Sin Was Committed. How God’s Blessing Operated in Our First Parents
      41. Lust and Travail Come from Sin. Whence Our Members Became a Cause of Shame
      42. The Evil of Lust Ought Not to Be Ascribed to Marriage. The Three Good Results of the Nuptial Ordinance: Offspring, Chastity, and the Sacramental Union
      43. Human Offspring, Even Previous to Birth, Under Condemnation at the Very Root. Uses of Matrimony Undertaken for Mere Pleasure Not Without Venial Fault
      44. Even the Children of the Regenerate Born in Sin. The Effect of Baptism
      45. Man’s Deliverance Suited to the Character of His Captivity
      46. Difficulty of Believing Original Sin. Man’s Vice is a Beast’s Nature
      47. Sentences from Ambrose in Favour of Original Sin
      48. Pelagius Rightly Condemned and Really Opposed by Ambrose
  15. On Marriage and Concupiscence
    1. Retractations
    2. Advertisement to the Reader on the Following Treatise
    3. A Letter Addressed to the Count Valerius
    4. On Marriage and Concupiscence
      1. Concerning the Argument of This Treatise
      2. Why This Treatise Was Addressed to Valerius
      3. Conjugal Chastity the Gift of God
      4. A Difficulty as Regards the Chastity of Unbelievers. None But a Believer is Truly a Chaste Man
      5. The Natural Good of Marriage. All Society Naturally Repudiates a Fraudulent Companion. What is True Conjugal Purity? No True Virginity and Chastity Except in Devotion to True Faith
      6. The Censuring of Lust is Not a Condemnation of Marriage; Whence Comes Shame in the Human Body. Adam and Eve Were Not Created Blind; Meaning of Their 'Eyes Being Opened.'
      7. Man’s Disobedience Justly Requited in the Rebellion of His Own Flesh; The Blush of Shame for the Disobedient Members of the Body
      8. The Evil of Lust Does Not Take Away the Good of Marriage
      9. This Disease of Concupiscence in Marriage is Not to Be a Matter of Will, But of Necessity; What Ought to Be the Will of Believers in the Use of Matrimony; Who is to Be Regarded as Using, and Not Succumbing To, the Evil of Concupiscence; How the Holy Fathers of the Old Testament Formerly Used Wives
      10. Why It Was Sometimes Permitted that a Man Should Have Several Wives, Yet No Woman Was Ever Allowed to Have More Than One Husband. Nature Prefers Singleness in Her Dominations
      11. The Sacrament of Marriage; Marriage Indissoluble; The World’s Law About Divorce Different from the Gospel’s
      12. Marriage Does Not Cancel a Mutual Vow of Continence; There Was True Wedlock Between Mary and Joseph; In What Way Joseph Was the Father of Christ
      13. In the Marriage of Mary and Joseph There Were All the Blessings of the Wedded State; All that is Born of Concubinage is Sinful Flesh
      14. Before Christ It Was a Time for Marrying; Since Christ It Has Been a Time for Continence
      15. The Teaching of the Apostle on This Subject
      16. A Certain Degree of Intemperance is to Be Tolerated in the Case of Married Persons; The Use of Matrimony for the Mere Pleasure of Lust is Not Without Sin, But Because of the Nuptial Relation the Sin is Venial
      17. What is Sinless in the Use of Matrimony? What is Attended With Venial Sin, and What with Mortal?
      18. Continence Better Than Marriage; But Marriage Better Than Fornication
      19. Blessing of Matrimony
      20. Why Children of Wrath are Born of Holy Matrimony
      21. Thus Sinners are Born of Righteous Parents, Even as Wild Olives Spring from the Olive
      22. Even Infants, When Unbaptized, are in the Power of the Devil; Exorcism in the Case of Infants, and Renunciation of the Devil
      23. Sin Has Not Arisen Out of the Goodness of Marriage; The Sacrament of Matrimony a Great One in the Case of Christ and the Church—A Very Small One in the Case of a Man and His Wife
      24. Lust and Shame Come from Sin; The Law of Sin; The Shamelessness of the Cynics
      25. Concupiscence in the Regenerate Without Consent is Not Sin; In What Sense Concupiscence is Called Sin
      26. Whatever is Born Through Concupiscence is Not Undeservedly in Subjection to the Devil by Reason of Sin; The Devil Deserves Heavier Punishment Than Men
      27. Through Lust Original Sin is Transmitted; Venial Sins in Married Persons; Concupiscence of the Flesh, the Daughter and Mother of Sin
      28. Concupiscence Remains After Baptism, Just as Languor Does After Recovery from Disease; Concupiscence is Diminished in Persons of Advancing Years, and Increased in the Incontinent
      29. How Concupiscence Remains in the Baptized in Act, When It Has Passed Away as to Its Guilt
      30. The Evil Desires of Concupiscence; We Ought to Wish that They May Not Be
      31. Who is the Man that Can Say, ‘It is No More I that Do It’?
      32. When Good Will Be Perfectly Done
      33. True Freedom Comes with Willing Delight in God’s Law
      34. How Concupiscence Made a Captive of the Apostle; What the Law of Sin Was to the Apostle
      35. The Flesh, Carnal Affection
      36. Even Now While We Still Have Concupiscence We May Be Safe in Christ
      37. The Law of Sin with Its Guilt in Unbaptized Infants. By Adam’s Sin the Human Race Has Become a 'Wild Olive Tree.'
      38. To Baptism Must Be Referred All Remission of Sins, and the Complete Healing of the Resurrection. Daily Cleansing
      39. By the Holiness of Baptism, Not Sins Only, But All Evils Whatsoever, Have to Be Removed. The Church is Not Yet Free from All Stain
      40. Refutation of the Pelagians by the Authority of St. Ambrose, Whom They Quote to Show that the Desire of the Flesh is a Natural Good
    5. Book II
      1. Preliminary Notes on the Second Book
      2. Introductory Statement
      3. In This and the Four Next Chapters He Adduces the Garbled Extracts He Has to Consider
      4. The Same Continued
      5. The Same Continued
      6. The Same Continued
      7. The Same Continued
      8. Augustin Adduces a Passage Selected from the Preface of Julianus. (See ‘The Unfinished Work,’ i. 73.)
      9. Augustin Refutes the Passage Adduced Above
      10. The Catholics Maintain the Doctrine of Original Sin, and Thus are Far from Being Manicheans
      11. In What Manner the Adversary’s Cavils Must Be Refuted
      12. The Devil the Author, Not of Nature, But Only of Sin
      13. Eve’s Name Means Life, and is a Great Sacrament of the Church
      14. The Pelagian Argument to Show that the Devil Has No Rights in the Fruits of Marriage
      15. Concupiscence Alone, in Marriage, is Not of God
      16. Man, by Birth, is Placed Under the Dominion of the Devil Through Sin; We Were All One in Adam When He Sinned
      17. It is Not of Us, But Our Sins, that the Devil is the Author
      18. The Pelagians are Not Ashamed to Eulogize Concupiscence, Although They are Ashamed to Mention Its Name
      19. The Same Continued
      20. The Pelagians Misunderstand ‘Seed’ In Scripture
      21. Original Sin is Derived from the Faulty Condition of Human Seed
      22. It is the Good God That Gives Fruitfulness, and the Devil That Corrupts the Fruit
      23. Shall We Be Ashamed of What We Do, or of What God Does?
      24. The Pelagians Affirm that God in the Case of Abraham and Sarah Aroused Concupiscence as a Gift from Heaven
      25. What Covenant of God the New-Born Babe Breaks. What Was the Value of Circumcision
      26. Augustin Not the Deviser of Original Sin
      27. The Child in No Sense Formed by Concupiscence
      28. The Pelagians Argue that God Sometimes Closes the Womb in Anger, and Opens It When Appeased
      29. Augustin’s Answer to This Argument. Its Dealing with Scripture
      30. The Same Continued. Augustin Also Asserts that God Forms Man at Birth
      31. The Case of Abimelech and His House Examined
      32. Why God Proceeds to Create Human Beings, Who He Knows Will Be Born in Sin
      33. God Not the Author of the Evil in Those Whom He Creates
      34. Though God Makes Us, We Perish Unless He Re-makes Us in Christ
      35. The Pelagians Argue that Cohabitation Rightly Used is a Good, and What is Born from It is Good
      36. He Answers the Arguments of Julianus. What is the Natural Use of the Woman? What is the Unnatural Use?
      37. God Made Nature Good: the Saviour Restores It When Corrupted
      38. If There is No Marriage Without Cohabitation, So There is No Cohabitation Without Shame
      39. Jovinian Used Formerly to Call Catholics Manicheans; The Arians Also Used to Call Catholics Sabellians
      40. Man Born of Whatever Parentage is Sinful and Capable of Redemption
      41. Augustin Declines the Dilemma Offered Him
      42. The Pelagians Argue that Original Sin Cannot Come Through Marriage If Marriage is Good
      43. The Pelagians Try to Get Rid of Original Sin by Their Praise of God’s Works; Marriage, in Its Nature and by Its Institution, is Not the Cause of Sin
      44. The Good Tree in the Gospel that Cannot Bring Forth Evil Fruit, Does Not Mean Marriage
      45. The Pelagians Argue that If Sin Comes by Birth, All Married People Deserve Condemnation
      46. Answer to This Argument: The Apostle Says We All Sinned in One
      47. The Reign of Death, What It Is; The Figure of the Future Adam; How All Men are Justified Through Christ
      48. The Scriptures Repeatedly Teach Us that All Sin in One
      49. Original Sin Arose from Adam’s Depraved Will. Whence the Corrupt Will Sprang
      50. In Infants Nature is of God, and the Corruption of Nature of the Devil
      51. The Rise and Origin of Evil. The Exorcism and Exsufflation of Infants, a Primitive Christian Rite
      52. To Call Those that Teach Original Sin Manicheans is to Accuse Ambrose, Cyprian, and the Whole Church
      53. Sin Was the Origin of All Shameful Concupiscence
      54. Concupiscence Need Not Have Been Necessary for Fruitfulness
      55. How Marriage is Now Different Since the Existence of Sin
      56. Lust is a Disease; The Word ‘Passion’ In the Ecclesiastical Sense
      57. The Pelagians Allow that Christ Died Even for Infants; Julianus Slays Himself with His Own Sword
      58. The Great Sin of the First Man
      59. Adam’s Sin is Derived from Him to Every One Who is Born Even of Regenerate Parents; The Example of the Olive Tree and the Wild Olive
      60. The Pelagians Can Hardly Venture to Place Concupiscence in Paradise Before the Commission of Sin
      61. Let Not the Pelagians Indulge Themselves in a Cruel Defence of Infants
  16. A Treatise on the Soul and its Origin
    1. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations
    2. Advertisement to the Reader on the Following Treatise
    3. Treatise on the Soul and Its Origin
      1. Renatus Had Done Him a Kindness by Sending Him the Books Which Had Been Addressed to Him
      2. He Receives with a Kindly and Patient Feeling the Books of a Young and Inexperienced Man Who Wrote Against Him in a Tone of Arrogance. Vincentius Victor Converted from the Sect of the Rogatians
      3. The Eloquence of Vincentius, Its Dangers and Its Tolerableness
      4. The Errors Contained in the Books of Vincentius Victor. He Says that the Soul Comes from God, But Was Not Made Either Out of Nothing or Out of Any Created Thing
      5. Another of Victor’s Errors, that the Soul is Corporeal
      6. Another Error Out of His Second Book, to the Effect, that the Soul Deserved to Be Polluted by the Body
      7. Victor Entangles Himself in an Exceedingly Difficult Question. God’s Foreknowledge is No Cause of Sin
      8. Victor’s Erroneous Opinion, that the Soul Deserved to Become Sinful
      9. Victor Utterly Unable to Explain How the Sinless Soul Deserved to Be Made Sinful
      10. Another Error of Victor’s, that Infants Dying Unbaptized May Attain to the Kingdom of Heaven. Another, that the Sacrifice of the Body of Christ Must Be Offered for Infants Who Die Before They are Baptized
      11. Martyrdom for Christ Supplies the Place of Baptism. The Faith of the Thief Who Was Crucified Along with Christ Taken as Martyrdom and Hence for Baptism
      12. Dinocrates, Brother of the Martyr St. Perpetua, is Said to Have Been Delivered from the State of Condemnation by the Prayers of the Saint
      13. The Sacrifice of the Body and Blood of Christ Will Not Avail for Unbaptized Persons, and Can Not Be Offered for the Majority of Those Who Die Unbaptized
      14. Victor’s Dilemma: He Must Either Say All Infants are Saved, or Else God Slays the Innocent
      15. God Does Not Judge Any One for What He Might Have Done If His Life Had Been Prolonged, But Simply for the Deeds He Actually Commits
      16. Difficulty in the Opinion Which Maintains that Souls are Not by Propagation
      17. He Shows that the Passages of Scripture Adduced by Victor Do Not Prove that Souls are Made by God in Such a Way as Not to Be Derived by Propagation: First Passage
      18. By ‘Breath’ Is Signified Sometimes the Holy Spirit
      19. The Meaning of ‘Breath’ In Scripture
      20. Other Ways of Taking the Passage
      21. The Second Passage Quoted by Victor
      22. Victor’s Third Quotation
      23. His Fourth Quotation
      24. Whether or No the Soul is Derived by Natural Descent (Ex Traduce), His Cited Passages Fail to Show
      25. Just as the Mother Knows Not Whence Comes Her Child Within Her, So We Know Not Whence Comes the Soul
      26. The Fifth Passage of Scripture Quoted by Victor
      27. Augustin Did Not Venture to Define Anything About the Propagation of the Soul
      28. A Natural Figure of Speech Must Not Be Literally Pressed
      29. The Sixth Passage of Scripture Quoted by Victor
      30. The Danger of Arguing from Silence
      31. The Argument of the Apollinarians to Prove that Christ Was Without the Human Soul of This Same Sort
      32. The Self-Contradiction of Victor as to the Origin of the Soul
      33. Augustin Has No Objection to the Opinion About the Propagation of Souls Being Refuted, and that About Their Insufflation Being Maintained
      34. The Mistakes Which Must Be Avoided by Those Who Say that Men’s Souls are Not Derived from Their Parents, But are Afresh Inbreathed by God in Every Instance
      35. Conclusion
    4. Book II
      1. Depraved Eloquence an Injurious Accomplishment
      2. He Asks What the Great Knowledge is that Victor Imparts
      3. The Difference Between the Senses of the Body and Soul
      4. To Believe the Soul is a Part of God is Blasphemy
      5. In What Sense Created Beings are Out of God
      6. Shall God’s Nature Be Mutable, Sinful, Impious, Even Eternally Damned
      7. To Think the Soul Corporeal an Error
      8. The Thirst of the Rich Man in Hell Does Not Prove the Soul to Be Corporeal
      9. How Could the Incorporeal God Breathe Out of Himself a Corporeal Substance?
      10. Children May Be Found of Like or of Unlike Dispositions with Their Parents
      11. Victor Implies that the Soul Had a ‘State’ And ‘Merit’ Before Incarnation
      12. How Did the Soul Deserve to Be Incarnated?
      13. Victor Teaches that God Thwarts His Own Predestination
      14. Victor Sends Those Infants Who Die Unbaptized to Paradise and the Heavenly Mansions, But Not to the Kingdom of Heaven
      15. Victor ‘Decides’ That Oblations Should Be Offered Up for Those Who Die Unbaptized
      16. Victor Promises to the Unbaptized Paradise After Their Death, and the Kingdom of Heaven After Their Resurrection, Although He Admits that This Opposes Christ’s Statement
      17. Disobedient Compassion and Compassionate Disobedience Reprobated. Martyrdom in Lieu of Baptism
      18. Victor’s Dilemma and Fall
      19. Victor Relies on Ambiguous Scriptures
      20. Victor Quotes Scriptures for Their Silence, and Neglects the Biblical Usage
      21. Victor’s Perplexity and Failure
      22. Peter’s Responsibility in the Case of Victor
      23. Who They are that are Not Injured by Reading Injurious Books
    5. Book III
      1. Augustin’s Purpose in Writing
      2. Why Victor Assumed the Name of Vincentius. The Names of Evil Men Ought Never to Be Assumed by Other Persons
      3. He Enumerates the Errors Which He Desires to Have Amended in the Books of Vincentius Victor. The First Error
      4. Victor’s Simile to Show that God Can Create by Breathing Without Impartation of His Substance
      5. Examination of Victor’s Simile: Does Man Give Out Nothing by Breathing?
      6. The Simile Reformed in Accordance with Truth
      7. Victor Apparently Gives the Creative Breath to Man Also
      8. Victor’s Second Error. (See Above in Book I. 26 [XVI.].)
      9. His Third Error. (See Above in Book II. 11 [VII.].)
      10. His Fourth Error. (See Above in Book I. 6 [VI.] and Book II. 11 [VII.].)
      11. His Fifth Error. (See Above in Book I. 8 [VIII.] and Book II. 12 [VIII.].)
      12. His Sixth Error. (See Above in Book I. 10-12 [IX., X.], and in Book II. 13, 14 [IX., X.].)
      13. His Seventh Error. (See Above in Book II. 13 [IX.].)
      14. His Eighth Error. (See Above in Book II. 13 [IX.].)
      15. His Ninth Error. (See Above in Book II. 14 [X.].)
      16. God Rules Everywhere: and Yet the ‘Kingdom of Heaven’ May Not Be Everywhere
      17. Where the Kingdom of God May Be Understood to Be
      18. His Tenth Error. (See Above in Book I. 13 [XI.] and Book II. 15 [XI.])
      19. His Eleventh Error. (See Above in Book I. 15 [XII.] and Book II. 16.)
      20. Augustin Calls on Victor to Correct His Errors. (See Above in Book II. 22 [XVI.].)
      21. Augustin Compliments Victor’s Talents and Diligence
      22. A Summary Recapitulation of the Errors of Victor
      23. Obstinacy Makes the Heretic
    6. Book IV
      1. The Personal Character of This Book
      2. The Points Which Victor Thought Blameworthy in Augustin
      3. How Much Do We Know of the Nature of the Body?
      4. Is the Question of Breath One that Concerns the Soul, or Body, or What?
      5. God Alone Can Teach Whence Souls Come
      6. Questions About the Nature of the Body are Sufficiently Mysterious, and Yet Not Higher Than Those of the Soul
      7. We Often Need More Teaching as to What is Most Intimately Ours Than as to What is Further from Us
      8. We Have No Memory of Our Creation
      9. Our Ignorance of Ourselves Illustrated by the Remarkable Memory of One Simplicius
      10. The Fidelity of Memory; The Unsearchable Treasure of Memory; The Powers of a Man’s Understanding Sufficiently Understood by None
      11. The Apostle Peter Told No Lie, When He Said He Was Ready to Lay Down His Life for the Lord, But Only Was Ignorant of His Will
      12. The Apostle Paul Could Know the Third Heaven and Paradise, But Not Whether He Was in the Body or Not
      13. In What Sense the Holy Ghost is Said to Make Intercession for Us
      14. It is More Excellent to Know That the Flesh Will Rise Again and Live for Evermore, Than to Learn Whatever Scientific Men Have Been Able to Teach Us Concerning Its Nature
      15. We Must Not Be Wise Above What is Written
      16. Ignorance is Better Than Error. Predestination to Eternal Life, and Predestination to Eternal Death
      17. A Twofold Question to Be Treated Concerning the Soul; Is It ‘Body’? and is It ‘Spirit’? What Body is
      18. The First Question, Whether the Soul is Corporeal; Breath and Wind, Nothing Else Than Air in Motion
      19. Whether the Soul is a Spirit
      20. The Body Does Not Receive God’s Image
      21. Recognition and Form Belong to Souls as Well as Bodies
      22. Names Do Not Imply Corporeity
      23. Figurative Speech Must Not Be Taken Literally
      24. Abraham’s Bosom—What It Means
      25. The Disembodied Soul May Think of Itself Under a Bodily Form
      26. St. Perpetua Seemed to Herself, in Some Dreams, to Have Been Turned into a Man, and Then Have Wrestled with a Certain Egyptian
      27. Is the Soul Wounded When the Body is Wounded?
      28. Is the Soul Deformed by the Body’s Imperfections?
      29. Does the Soul Take the Body’s Clothes Also Away with It?
      30. Is Corporeity Necessary for Recognition?
      31. Modes of Knowledge in the Soul Distinguished
      32. Inconsistency of Giving the Soul All the Parts of Sex and Yet No Sex
      33. The Phenix After Death Coming to Life Again
      34. Prophetic Visions
      35. Do Angels Appear to Men in Real Bodies?
      36. He Passes on to the Second Question About the Soul, Whether It is Called Spirit
      37. Wide and Narrow Sense of the Word 'Spirit.'
      38. Victor’s Chief Errors Again Pointed Out
      39. Concluding Admonition
  17. A Treatise Against Two Letters of the Pelagians
    1. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations
    2. Book I
      1. Introduction: Address to Boniface
      2. Why Heretical Writings Must Be Answered
      3. Why He Addresses His Book to Boniface
      4. The Calumny of Julian,—That the Catholics Teach that Free Will is Taken Away by Adam’s Sin
      5. Free Choice Did Not Perish With Adam ’s Sin. What Freedom Did Perish
      6. Grace is Not Given According to Merits
      7. He Concludes that He Does Not Deprive the Wicked of Free Will
      8. The Pelagians Demolish Free Will
      9. Another Calumny of Julian,—That 'It is Said that Marriage is Not Appointed by God.'
      10. The Third Calumny,—The Assertion that Conjugal Intercourse is Condemned
      11. The Purpose of the Pelagians in Praising the Innocence of Conjugal Intercourse
      12. The Fourth Calumny,—That the Saints of the Old Testament are Said to Be Not Free from Sins
      13. The Fifth Calumny,—That It is Said that Paul and the Rest of the Apostles Were Polluted by Lust
      14. That the Apostle is Speaking in His Own Person and that of Others Who Are Under Grace, Not Still Under Law
      15. He Sins in Will Who is Only Deterred from Sinning by Fear
      16. How Sin Died, and How It Revived
      17. 'The Law is Spiritual, But I Am Carnal,' To Be Understood of Paul
      18. How the Apostle Said that He Did the Evil that He Would Not
      19. What It is to Accomplish What is Good
      20. In Me, that Is, in My Flesh
      21. No Condemnation in Christ Jesus
      22. Why the Passage Referred to Must Be Understood of a Man Established Under Grace
      23. What It is to Be Delivered from the Body of This Death
      24. He Concludes that the Apostle Spoke in His Own Person, and that of Those Who are Under Grace
      25. The Sixth Calumny,—That Augustin Asserts that Even Christ Was Not Free from Sins
      26. The Seventh Calumny,—That Augustin Asserts that in Baptism All Sins are Not Remitted
      27. In What Sense Lust is Called Sin in the Regenerate
      28. Many Without Crime, None Without Sin
      29. Julian Opposes the Faith of His Friends to the Opinions of Catholic Believers. First of All, of Free Will
      30. Secondly, of Marriage
      31. Thirdly, of Conjugal Intercourse
      32. The Aprons Which Adam and Eve Wore
      33. The Shame of Nakedness
      34. Whether There Could Be Sensual Appetite in Paradise Before the Fall
      35. Desire in Paradise Was Either None at All, or It Was Obedient to the Impulse of the Will
      36. Julian’s Fourth Objection, that Man is God’s Work, and is Not Constrained to Evil or Good by His Power
      37. The Beginning of a Good Will is the Gift of Grace
      38. The Power of God’s Grace is Proved
      39. Julian’s Fifth Objection Concerning the Saints of the Old Testament
      40. The Sixth Objection, Concerning the Necessity of Grace for All, and Concerning the Baptism of Infants
      41. The Seventh Objection, of the Effect of Baptism
      42. He Rebuts the Conclusion of Julian’s Letter
    3. Book II
      1. Introduction; The Pelagians Impeach Catholics as Manicheans
      2. The Heresies of the Manicheans and Pelagians are Mutually Opposed, and are Alike Reprobated by the Catholic Church
      3. How Far the Manicheans and Pelagians are Joined in Error; How Far They are Separated
      4. The Two Contrary Errors
      5. The Calumny of the Pelagians Against the Clergy of the Roman Church
      6. What Was Done in the Case of Cœlestius and Zosimus
      7. He Suggests a Dilemma to Cœlestius
      8. The Catholic Faith Concerning Infants
      9. He Replies to the Calumnies of the Pelagians
      10. Why the Pelagians Falsely Accuse Catholics of Maintaining Fate Under the Name of Grace
      11. The Accusation of Fate is Thrown Back Upon the Adversaries
      12. What is Meant Under the Name of Fate
      13. He Repels the Calumny Concerning the Acceptance of Persons
      14. He Illustrates His Argument by an Example
      15. The Apostle Meets the Question by Leaving It Unsolved
      16. The Pelagians are Refuted by the Case of the Twin Infants Dying, the One After, and the Other Without, the Grace of Baptism
      17. Even the Desire of an Imperfect Good is a Gift of Grace, Otherwise Grace Would Be Given According to Merits
      18. The Desire of Good is God’s Gift
      19. He Interprets the Scriptures Which the Pelagians Make Ill Use of
      20. God’s Agency is Needful Even in Man’s Doings
      21. Man Does No Good Thing Which God Does Not Cause Him to Do
      22. According to Whose Purpose the Elect are Called
      23. Nothing is Commanded to Man Which is Not Given by God
    4. Book III
      1. Statement
      2. The Misrepresentation of the Pelagians Concerning the Use of the Old Law
      3. Scriptural Confirmation of the Catholic Doctrine
      4. Misrepresentation Concerning the Effect of Baptism
      5. Baptism Puts Away All Sins, But It Does Not at Once Heal All Infirmities
      6. The Calumny Concerning the Old Testament and the Righteous Men of Old
      7. The New Testament is More Ancient Than the Old; But It Was Subsequently Revealed
      8. All Righteous Men Before and After Abraham are Children of the Promise and of Grace
      9. Who are the Children of the Old Covenant
      10. The Old Law Also Given by God
      11. Distinction Between the Children of the Old and of the New Testaments
      12. The Old Testament is Properly One Thing—The Old Instrument Another
      13. Why One of the Covenants is Called Old, the Other New
      14. Calumny Concerning the Righteousness of the Prophets and Apostles
      15. The Perfection of Apostles and Prophets
      16. Misrepresentation Concerning Sin in Christ
      17. Their Calumny About the Fulfilment of Precepts in the Life to Come
      18. Perfection of Righteousness and Full Security Was Not Even in Paul in This Life
      19. In What Sense the Righteousness of Man in This Life is Said to Be Perfect
      20. Why the Righteousness Which is of the Law is Valued Slightly by Paul
      21. That Righteousness is Never Perfected in This Life
      22. Nature of Human Righteousness and Perfection
      23. There is No True Righteousness Without the Faith of the Grace of Christ
      24. There are Three Principal Heads in the Pelagian Heresy
      25. He Shows that the Opinion of the Catholics is the Mean Between that of the Manicheans and Pelagians, and Refutes Both
      26. The Pelagians Still Strive After a Hiding-Place, by Introducing the Needless Question of the Origin of the Soul
    5. Book IV
      1. The Subterfuges of the Pelagians are Five
      2. The Praise of the Creature
      3. The Catholics Praise Nature, Marriage, Law, Free Will, and the Saints, in Such Wise as to Condemn as Well Pelagians as Manicheans
      4. Pelagians and Manicheans on the Praise of the Creature
      5. What is the Special Advantage in the Pelagian Opinions?
      6. Not Death Alone, But Sin Also Has Passed into Us by Means of Adam
      7. What is the Meaning of ‘In Whom All Have Sinned’?
      8. Death Passed Upon All by Sin
      9. Of the Praise of Marriage
      10. Of the Praise of the Law
      11. The Pelagians Understand that the Law Itself is God’s Grace
      12. Of the Praise of Free Will
      13. God’s Purposes are Effects of Grace
      14. The Testimonies of Scripture in Favour of Grace
      15. From Such Scriptures Grace is Proved to Be Gratuitous and Effectual
      16. Why God Makes of Some Sheep, Others Not
      17. Of the Praise of the Saints
      18. The Opinion of the Saints Themselves About Themselves
      19. The Craft of the Pelagians
      20. The Testimonies of the Ancients Against the Pelagians
      21. Pelagius, in Imitation of Cyprian, Wrote a Book of Testimonies
      22. Further References to Cyprian
      23. Further References to Cyprian
      24. The Dilemma Proposed to the Pelagians
      25. Cyprian’s Testimonies Concerning God’s Grace
      26. Further Appeals to Cyprian’s Teaching
      27. Cyprian’s Testimonies Concerning the Imperfection of Our Own Righteousness
      28. Cyprian’s Orthodoxy Undoubted
      29. The Testimonies of Ambrose Against the Pelagians and First of All Concerning Original Sin
      30. The Testimonies of Ambrose Concerning God’s Grace
      31. The Testimonies of Ambrose on the Imperfection of Present Righteousness
      32. The Pelagian’s Heresy Arose Long After Ambrose
      33. Opposition of the Manichean and Catholic Dogmas
      34. The Calling Together of a Synod Not Always Necessary to the Condemnation of Heresies
  18. A Treatise on Grace and Free Will
    1. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations
    2. Two Letters Written by Augustin to Valentinus and the Monks of Adrumetum
      1. Letter I
      2. Letter II
    3. Abstract
      1. The Occasion and Argument of This Work
      2. He Proves the Existence of Free Will in Man from the Precepts Addressed to Him by God
      3. Sinners are Convicted When Attempting to Excuse Themselves by Blaming God, Because They Have Free Will
      4. The Divine Commands Which are Most Suited to the Will Itself Illustrate Its Freedom
      5. He Shows that Ignorance Affords No Such Excuse as Shall Free the Offender from Punishment; But that to Sin with Knowledge is a Graver Thing Than to Sin in Ignorance
      6. God’s Grace to Be Maintained Against the Pelagians; The Pelagian Heresy Not an Old One
      7. Grace is Necessary Along with Free Will to Lead a Good Life
      8. Conjugal Chastity is Itself the Gift of God
      9. Entering into Temptation. Prayer is a Proof of Grace
      10. Free Will and God’s Grace are Simultaneously Commended
      11. Other Passages of Scripture Which the Pelagians Abuse
      12. He Proves Out of St. Paul that Grace is Not Given According to Men’s Merits
      13. The Grace of God is Not Given According to Merit, But Itself Makes All Good Desert
      14. Paul First Received Grace that He Might Win the Crown
      15. The Pelagians Profess that the Only Grace Which is Not Given According to Our Merits is that of the Forgiveness of Sins
      16. Paul Fought, But God Gave the Victory: He Ran, But God Showed Mercy
      17. The Faith that He Kept Was the Free Gift of God
      18. Faith Without Good Works is Not Sufficient for Salvation
      19. How is Eternal Life Both a Reward for Service and a Free Gift of Grace?
      20. The Question Answered. Justification is Grace Simply and Entirely, Eternal Life is Reward and Grace
      21. Eternal Life is 'Grace for Grace.'
      22. Who is the Transgressor of the Law? The Oldness of Its Letter. The Newness of Its Spirit
      23. The Pelagians Maintain that the Law is the Grace of God Which Helps Us Not to Sin
      24. Who May Be Said to Wish to Establish Their Own Righteousness. ‘God’s Righteousness,’ So Called, Which Man Has from God
      25. As The Law is Not, So Neither is Our Nature Itself that Grace by Which We are Christians
      26. The Pelagians Contend that the Grace, Which is Neither the Law Nor Nature, Avails Only to the Remission of Past Sins, But Not to the Avoidance of Future Ones
      27. Grace Effects the Fulfilment of the Law, the Deliverance of Nature, and the Suppression of Sin’s Dominion
      28. Faith is the Gift of God
      29. God is Able to Convert Opposing Wills, and to Take Away from the Heart Its Hardness
      30. The Grace by Which the Stony Heart is Removed is Not Preceded by Good Deserts, But by Evil Ones
      31. Free Will Has Its Function in the Heart’s Conversion; But Grace Too Has Its
      32. In What Sense It is Rightly Said That, If We Like, We May Keep God’s Commandments
      33. A Good Will May Be Small and Weak; An Ample Will, Great Love. Operating and Co-operating Grace
      34. The Apostle’s Eulogy of Love. Correction to Be Administered with Love
      35. Commendations of Love
      36. Love Commended by Our Lord Himself
      37. The Love Which Fulfils the Commandments is Not of Ourselves, But of God
      38. We Would Not Love God Unless He First Loved Us. The Apostles Chose Christ Because They Were Chosen; They Were Not Chosen Because They Chose Christ
      39. The Spirit of Fear a Great Gift of God
      40. The Ignorance of the Pelagians in Maintaining that the Knowledge of the Law Comes from God, But that Love Comes from Ourselves
      41. The Wills of Men are So Much in the Power of God, that He Can Turn Them Whithersoever It Pleases Him
      42. God Does Whatsoever He Wills in the Hearts of Even Wicked Men
      43. God Operates on Men’s Hearts to Incline Their Wills Whithersoever He Pleases
      44. Gratuitous Grace Exemplified in Infants
      45. The Reason Why One Person is Assisted by Grace, and Another is Not Helped, Must Be Referred to the Secret Judgments of God
      46. Understanding and Wisdom Must Be Sought from God
  19. A Treatise on Rebuke and Grace
    1. Extract from Augustin’s Retractations
    2. Argument
    3. Introductory
    4. The Catholic Faith Concerning Law, Grace, and Free Will
    5. What the Grace of God Through Jesus Christ is
    6. The Children of God are Led by the Spirit of God
    7. Rebuke Must Not Be Neglected
    8. Objections to the Use of Rebuke
    9. The Necessity and Advantage of Rebuke
    10. Further Replies to Those Who Object to Rebuke
    11. Why They May Justly Be Rebuked Who Do Not Obey God, Although They Have Not Yet Received the Grace of Obedience
    12. All Perseverance is God’s Gift
    13. They Who Have Not Received the Gift of Perseverance, and Have Relapsed into Mortal Sin and Have Died Therein, Must Righteously Be Condemned
    14. They Who Have Not Received Perseverance are Not Distinguished from the Mass of Those that are Lost
    15. Election is of Grace, Not of Merit
    16. None of the Elect and Predestinated Can Perish
    17. Perseverance is Given to the End
    18. Whosoever Do Not Persevere are Not Distinguished from the Mass of Perdition by Predestination
    19. Why Perseverance Should Be Given to One and Not Another is Inscrutable
    20. Some Instances of God’s Amazing Judgments
    21. God’s Ways Past Finding Out
    22. Some are Children of God According to Grace Temporally Received, Some According to God’s Eternal Foreknowledge
    23. Who May Be Understood as Given to Christ
    24. True Children of God are True Disciples of Christ
    25. Those Who are Called According to the Purpose Alone are Predestinated
    26. Even the Sins of the Elect are Turned by God to Their Advantage
    27. Therefore Rebuke is to Be Used
    28. Whether Adam Received the Gift of Perseverance
    29. The Answer
    30. The First Man Himself Also Might Have Stood by His Free Will
    31. Distinction Between the Grace Given Before and After the Fall
    32. The Incarnation of the Word
    33. The First Man Had Received the Grace Necessary for His Perseverance, But Its Exercise Was Left in His Free Choice
    34. The Gifts of Grace Conferred on Adam in Creation
    35. What is the Difference Between the Ability Not to Sin, to Die, and Forsake Good, and the Inability to Sin, to Die, and to Forsake Good?
    36. The Aid Without Which a Thing Does Not Come to Pass, and the Aid with Which a Thing Comes to Pass
    37. There is a Greater Freedom Now in the Saints Than There Was Before in Adam
    38. God Not Only Foreknows that Men Will Be Good, But Himself Makes Them So
    39. To a Sound Will is Committed the Power of Persevering or of Not Persevering
    40. What is the Nature of the Gift of Perseverance that is Now Given to the Saints
    41. The Number of the Predestinated is Certain and Defined
    42. No One is Certain and Secure of His Own Predestination and Salvation
    43. Even in Judgment God’s Mercy Will Be Necessary to Us
    44. The Reprobate are to Be Punished for Merits of a Different Kind
    45. Rebuke and Grace Do Not Set Aside One Another
    46. In What Way God Wills All Men to Be Saved
    47. Scriptural Instances Wherein It is Proved that God Has Men’s Wills More in His Power Than They Themselves Have
    48. Rebuke Must Be Varied According to the Variety of Faults. There is No Punishment in the Church Greater Than Excommunication
    49. Another Interpretation of the Apostolic Passage, Who Will Have All Men to Be Saved
    50. The Purpose of Rebuke
    51. Conclusion
  20. A Treatise on the Predestination of the Saints
    1. Book I
      1. Introduction
      2. To What Extent the Massilians Withdraw from the Pelagians
      3. Even the Beginning of Faith is of God’s Gift
      4. Continuation of the Preceding
      5. To Believe is to Think with Assent
      6. Presumption and Arrogance to Be Avoided
      7. Augustin Confesses that He Had Formerly Been in Error Concerning the Grace of God
      8. What Augustin Wrote to Simplicianus, the Successor of Ambrose, Bishop of Milan
      9. The Purpose of the Apostle in These Words
      10. It is God’s Grace Which Specially Distinguishes One Man from Another
      11. That Some Men are Elected is of God’s Mercy
      12. Why the Apostle Said that We are Justified by Faith and Not by Works
      13. The Effect of Divine Grace
      14. Why the Father Does Not Teach All that They May Come to Christ
      15. It is Believers that are Taught of God
      16. Why the Gift of Faith is Not Given to All
      17. His Argument in His Letter Against Porphyry, as to Why the Gospel Came So Late into the World
      18. The Preceding Argument Applied to the Present Time
      19. In What Respects Predestination and Grace Differ
      20. Did God Promise the Good Works of the Nations and Not Their Faith, to Abraham?
      21. It is to Be Wondered at that Men Should Rather Trust to Their Own Weakness Than to God’s Strength
      22. God’s Promise is Sure
      23. Remarkable Illustrations of Grace and Predestination in Infants, and in Christ
      24. That No One is Judged According to What He Would Have Done If He Had Lived Longer
      25. Possibly the Baptized Infants Would Have Repented If They Had Lived, and the Unbaptized Not
      26. Reference to Cyprian’s Treatise 'On the Mortality.'
      27. The Book of Wisdom Obtains in the Church the Authority of Canonical Scripture
      28. Cyprian’s Treatise 'On the Mortality.'
      29. God’s Dealing Does Not Depend Upon Any Contingent Merits of Men
      30. The Most Illustrious Instance of Predestination is Christ Jesus
      31. Christ Predestinated to Be the Son of God
      32. The Twofold Calling
      33. It is in the Power of Evil Men to Sin; But to Do This or That by Means of that Wickedness is in God’s Power Alone
      34. The Special Calling of the Elect is Not Because They Have Believed, But in Order that They May Believe
      35. Election is for the Purpose of Holiness
      36. God Chose the Righteous; Not Those Whom He Foresaw as Being of Themselves, But Those Whom He Predestinated for the Purpose of Making So
      37. We Were Elected and Predestinated, Not Because We Were Going to Be Holy, But in Order that We Might Be So
      38. What is the View of the Pelagians, and What of the Semi-Pelagians, Concerning Predestination
      39. The Beginning of Faith is God’s Gift
      40. Apostolic Testimony to the Beginning of Faith Being God’s Gift
      41. Further Apostolic Testimonies
      42. Old Testament Testimonies
      43. Conclusion
    2. A Treatise on the Gift of Perseverance
      1. Of the Nature of the Perseverance Here Discoursed of
      2. Faith is the Beginning of a Christian Man. Martyrdom for Christ’s Sake is His Best Ending
      3. God is Besought for It, Because It is His Gift
      4. Three Leading Points of the Pelagian Doctrine
      5. The Second Petition in the Lord’s Prayer
      6. The Third Petition. How Heaven and Earth are Understood in the Lord’s Prayer
      7. The Fourth Petition
      8. The Fifth Petition. It is an Error of the Pelagians that the Righteous are Free from Sin
      9. When Perseverance is Granted to a Person, He Cannot But Persevere
      10. The Gift of Perseverance Can Be Obtained by Prayer
      11. Effect of Prayer for Perseverance
      12. Of His Own Will a Man Forsakes God, So that He is Deservedly Forsaken of Him
      13. Temptation the Condition of Man
      14. It is God’s Grace Both that Man Comes to Him, and that Man Does Not Depart from Him
      15. Why God Willed that He Should Be Asked for that Which He Might Give Without Prayer
      16. Why is Not Grace Given According to Merit?
      17. The Difficulty of the Distinction Made in the Choice of One and the Rejection of Another
      18. But Why Should One Be Punished More Than Another?
      19. Why Does God Mingle Those Who Will Persevere with Those Who Will Not?
      20. Ambrose on God’s Control Over Men’s Thoughts
      21. Instances of the Unsearchable Judgments of God
      22. It is an Absurdity to Say that the Dead Will Be Judged for Sins Which They Would Have Committed If They Had Lived
      23. Why for the People of Tyre and Sidon, Who Would Have Believed, the Miracles Were Not Done Which Were Done in Other Places Which Did Not Believe
      24. It May Be Objected that The People of Tyre and Sidon Might, If They Had Heard, Have Believed, and Have Subsequently Lapsed from Their Faith
      25. God’s Ways, Both in Mercy and Judgment, Past Finding Out
      26. The Manicheans Do Not Receive All the Books of the Old Testament, and of the New Only Those that They Choose
      27. Reference to the 'Retractations.'
      28. God’s Goodness and Righteousness Shown in All
      29. God’s True Grace Could Be Defended Even If There Were No Original Sin, as Pelagius Maintains
      30. Augustin Claims the Right to Grow in Knowledge
      31. Infants are Not Judged According to that Which They are Foreknown as Likely to Do If They Should Live
      32. The Inscrutability of God’s Free Purposes
      33. God Gives Both Initiatory and Persevering Grace According to His Own Will
      34. The Doctrine of Predestination Not Opposed to the Advantage of Preaching
      35. What Predestination is
      36. The Preaching of the Gospel and the Preaching of Predestination the Two Parts of One Message
      37. Ears to Hear are a Willingness to Obey
      38. Against the Preaching of Predestination the Same Objections May Be Alleged as Against Predestination
      39. Prayer and Exhortation
      40. When the Truth Must Be Spoken, When Kept Back
      41. Predestination Defined as Only God’s Disposing of Events in His Foreknowledge
      42. The Adversaries Cannot Deny Predestination to Those Gifts of Grace Which They Themselves Acknowledge, and Their Exhortations are Not Hindered by This Predestination Nevertheless
      43. Further Development of the Foregoing Argument
      44. Exhortation to Wisdom, Though Wisdom is God’s Gift
      45. Exhortation to Other Gifts of God in Like Manner
      46. A Man Who Does Not Persevere Fails by His Own Fault
      47. Predestination is Sometimes Signified Under the Name of Foreknowledge
      48. Practice of Cyprian and Ambrose
      49. Further References to Cyprian and Ambrose
      50. Obedience Not Discouraged by Preaching God’s Gifts
      51. Predestination Must Be Preached
      52. Previous Writings Anticipatively Refuted the Pelagian Heresy
      53. Augustin’s 'Confessions.'
      54. Beginning and End of Faith is of God
      55. Testimony of His Previous Writings and Letters
      56. God Gives Means as Well as End
      57. How Predestination Must Be Preached So as Not to Give Offence
      58. The Doctrine to Be Applied with Discrimination
      59. Offence to Be Avoided
      60. The Application to the Church in General
      61. Use of the Third Person Rather Than the Second
      62. Prayer to Be Inculcated, Nevertheless
      63. The Testimony of the Whole Church in Her Prayers
      64. In What Sense the Holy Spirit Solicits for Us, Crying, Abba, Father
      65. The Church’s Prayers Imply the Church’s Faith
      66. Recapitulation and Exhortation
      67. The Most Eminent Instance of Predestination is Christ Jesus
      68. Conclusion
  21. Index of Subjects
  22. Indexes
    1. Index of Scripture References
    2. Greek Words and Phrases
    3. Index of Pages of the Print Edition